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High FCEV electrolysis + cleaner grid

Buildings » Residential

	2030	2050
Building Codes
Advanced Building Code
Start DateDate to begin enforcing advanced building codes for homes Base Reference Value: 2050
% Energy Use ReductionEnergy reduction from basecase from advanced building codes in homes Base Reference Value: 0%
CompliancePercent of buildings built since advanced building codes start date that comply with advanced building codes Base Reference Value: 100%
More Advanced Building Code
Start DateDate to begin enforcing more advanced building codes for homes Base Reference Value: 2050
% Energy Use ReductionEnergy reduction from basecase from more advanced building codes in homes Base Reference Value: 0%
CompliancePercent of buildings built since more advanced building codes start date that comply with more advanced building codes Base Reference Value: 100%
Retrofits
Advanced Shell Retrofits
% RetrofitsPercent of existing homes built with advanced retrofits 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Efficiency Improvement of RetrofitsPercent reduction in space conditioning use for homes with advanced retrofits Base Reference Value: 0%
More Advanced Shell Retrofits
% RetrofitsPercent of existing homes built with more advanced retrofits 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Efficiency Improvement of RetrofitsPercent reduction in space conditioning use for homes with more advanced retrofits Base Reference Value: 0%
Efficiency Improvement
Heating and Cooling Equipment
Space Heating Equipment - % Energy Use ReductionPercent energy reduction in homes for space heating equipment 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Space Heating Equipment - % PenetrationPercent penetration for space heating equipment in homes (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Space Cooling Equipment - % Energy Use ReductionPercent energy reduction in homes for space cooling equipment 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Space Cooling Equipment - % PenetrationPercent penetration for space cooling equipment in homes (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Appliances
Water Heating - % Energy Use ReductionPercent energy reduction in homes for water heating 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Water Heating - % PenetrationPercent penetration for water heating in homes (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Refrigeration - % Energy Use ReductionPercent energy reduction in homes for refrigeration 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Refrigeration - % PenetrationPercent penetration for refrigeration in homes (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Cooking - % Energy Use ReductionPercent energy reduction in homes for cooking 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Cooking - % PenetrationPercent penetration for cooking in homes (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Clothes Dryers - % Energy Use ReductionPercent energy reduction in homes for clothes dryers 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Clothes Dryers - % PenetrationPercent penetration for clothes dryers in homes (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Freezers - % Energy Use ReductionPercent energy reduction in homes for freezers 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Freezers - % PenetrationPercent penetration for freezers in homes (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Lighting - % Energy Use ReductionPercent energy reduction in homes for lighting 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Lighting - % PenetrationPercent penetration for lighting in homes (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Clothes Washers - % Energy Use ReductionPercent energy reduction in homes for clothes washers 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Clothes Washers - % PenetrationPercent penetration for clothes washers in homes (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Dishwashers - % Energy Use ReductionPercent energy reduction in homes for dishwashers 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Dishwashers - % PenetrationPercent penetration for dishwashers in homes (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
TVs and Set-Top Boxes - % Energy Use ReductionPercent energy reduction in homes for color televisions and set-top boxes 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
TVs and Set-Top Boxes - % PenetrationPercent penetration for color televisions and set-top boxes in homes (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
PCs and Related Equipment - % Energy Use ReductionPercent energy reduction in homes for personal computers and related equipment 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
PCs and Related Equipment - % PenetrationPercent penetration for personal computers and related equipment in homes (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Furnace Fans and Boiler Pumps - % Energy Use ReductionPercent energy reduction in homes for furnace fans and boiler circulation pumps 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Furnace Fans and Boiler Pumps - % PenetrationPercent penetration of furnace fans and boiler circulation pumps in homes (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Other Uses - % Energy Use ReductionPercent energy reduction in homes for other uses 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Other Uses - % PenetrationPercent penetration of other uses in homes (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Fuel Switching
Fuel Switching - % Electric
Space HeatingPercent of fossil fuel consumption in homes from space heating switched to electricity 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Water HeatingPercent of fossil fuel consumption in homes from water heating switched to electricity 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
CookingPercent of fossil fuel consumption in homes from cooking switched to electricity 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Fuel Switching Efficiency (Gas Used/Site Electric
Space HeatingEnduse efficiency improvement obtained in homes when fuel switching space heating Base Reference Value: 2.5
Water HeatingEnduse efficiency improvement obtained in homes when fuel switching water heating Base Reference Value: 1.1
CookingEnduse efficiency improvement obtained in homes when fuel switching cooking Base Reference Value: 1.1

Buildings » Commercial

	2030	2050
Building Codes
Advanced Building Code
Start DateDate to begin enforcing advanced building codes for commercial buildings Base Reference Value: 2050
% Energy Use ReductionEnergy reduction from basecase from advanced building codes in commercial buildings Base Reference Value: 0%
CompliancePercent of buildings built since advanced building codes start date that comply with advanced building codes Base Reference Value: 100%
More Advanced Building Code
Start DateDate to begin enforcing more advanced building codes for commercial buildings Base Reference Value: 2050
% Energy Use ReductionEnergy reduction from basecase from more advanced building codes in commercial buildings Base Reference Value: 0%
CompliancePercent of buildings built since more advanced building codes start date that comply with more advanced building codes Base Reference Value: 100%
Retrofits
Advanced Shell Retrofits
% RetrofitsPercent of existing commercial buildings with advanced retrofits 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Efficiency Improvement of RetrofitsPercent reduction in space conditioning use for commercial buildings with advanced retrofits Base Reference Value: 0%
More Advanced Shell Retrofits
% RetrofitsPercent of existing commercial buildings with more advanced retrofits 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Efficiency Improvement of RetrofitsPercent reduction in space conditioning use for commercial buildings with more advanced retrofits Base Reference Value: 0%
Efficiency Improvement
Heating and Cooling Equipment
Space Heating Equipment - % Energy Use ReductionPercent reduction in commercial buildings for space heating equipment 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Space Heating Equipment - % PenetrationPercent penetration of space heating equipment in commercial buildings (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Space Cooling Equipment - % Energy Use ReductionPercent reduction in commercial buildings for space cooling equipment 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Space Cooling Equipment - % PenetrationPercent penetration of space cooling equipment in commercial buildings (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Appliances
Water Heating - % Energy Use ReductionPercent reduction in commercial buildings for water heating 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Water Heating - % PenetrationPercent penetration of water heating in commercial buildings (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Ventilation - % Energy Use ReductionPercent reduction in commercial buildings for ventilation 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Ventilation - % PenetrationPercent penetration of ventilation in commercial buildings (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Cooking - % Energy Use ReductionPercent reduction in commercial buildings for cooking 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Cooking - % PenetrationPercent penetration of cooking in commercial buildings (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Lighting - % Energy Use ReductionPercent reduction in commercial buildings for lighting 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Lighting - % PenetrationPercent penetration of lighting in commercial buildings (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Refrigeration - % Energy Use ReductionPercent reduction in commercial buildings for refrigeration 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Refrigeration - % PenetrationPercent penetration of refrigeration in commercial buildings (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Office Equipment (PC) - % Energy Use ReductionPercent reduction in commercial buildings for office equipment (PC) 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Office Equipment (PC) - % PenetrationPercent penetration of office equipment (PC) in commercial buildings (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Office Equipment (non-PC) - % Energy Use ReductionPercent reduction in commercial buildings for office equipment (non-PC) 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Office Equipment (non-PC) - % PenetrationPercent penetration of office equipment (non-PC) in commercial buildings (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Other Uses - % Energy Use ReductionPercent reduction in commercial buildings for other uses 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Other Uses - % PenetrationPercent penetration of other uses in commercial buildings (read-only) 2030 Reference Value: 100% 2050 Reference Value: 100%
Fuel Switching
Fuel Switching - % Electric
Space HeatingPercent of fossil fuel consumption in commercial buildings from space heating switched to electricity 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Water HeatingPercent of fossil fuel consumption in commercial buildings from water heating switched to electricity 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
CookingPercent of fossil fuel consumption in commercial buildings from cooking switched to electricity 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Fuel Switching Efficiency (Gas Used/Site Electric
Space HeatingEnduse efficiency improvement obtained in commercial buildings when fuel switching space heating Base Reference Value: 2.5
Water HeatingEnduse efficiency improvement obtained in commercial buildings when fuel switching water heating Base Reference Value: 1.1
CookingEnduse efficiency improvement obtained in commercial buildings when fuel switching cooking Base Reference Value: 1.1

Industry » Efficiency Improvement

	2030	2050
% Reduction of Total Energy Use
RefiningPercent reduction in refining sub-sector energy use 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
FoodPercent reduction in food sub-sector energy use 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
PaperPercent reduction in paper sub-sector energy use 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Bulk ChemicalPercent reduction in bulk chemical sub-sector energy use 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
GlassPercent reduction in glass sub-sector energy use 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
CementPercent reduction in cement sub-sector energy use 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Iron and SteelPercent reduction in iron and steel sub-sector energy use 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
AluminumPercent reduction in aluminum sub-sector energy use 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Metal Based DurablesPercent reduction in metal based durables sub-sector energy use 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Other ManufacturingPercent reduction in other manufacturing sub-sector energy use 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
NonmanufacturingPercent reduction in nonmanufacturing sub-sector energy use 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%

Industry » Fuel Mix

	2030	2050
Oil and Gas
Residual Fuel OilResidual fuel oil use as a percentage of total fuel use in refining sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Distillate Fuel OilDistillate fuel oil use as a percentage of total fuel use in refining sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Liquefied Petroleum GasesLiquefied petroleum gas use as a percentage of total fuel use in refining sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 1.1278% 2050 Reference Value: 1.3525%
Petroleum CokePetroleum coke use as a percentage of total fuel use in refining sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 13.8395% 2050 Reference Value: 11.7389%
Still GasStill gas use as a percentage of total fuel use in refining sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 40.8381% 2050 Reference Value: 36.0391%
Other PetroleumOther petroleum use as a percentage of total fuel use in refining sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.5882% 2050 Reference Value: 0.5544%
Petroleum Subtotal
Natural GasNatural gas use as a percentage of total fuel use in refining sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 21.977% 2050 Reference Value: 16.169%
Steam CoalSteam coal use as a percentage of total fuel use in refining sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 18.6156% 2050 Reference Value: 31.8864%
RenewablesRenewables use as a percentage of total fuel use in refining sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Purchased ElectricityPurchased electricity use as a percentage of total fuel use in refining sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 3.0139% 2050 Reference Value: 2.2597%
Total
Food
Residual Fuel OilResidual fuel oil use as a percentage of total fuel use in food sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.3399% 2050 Reference Value: 0.2379%
Distillate Fuel OilDistillate fuel oil use as a percentage of total fuel use in food sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.8157% 2050 Reference Value: 0.7773%
Liquefied Petroleum GasesLiquefied petroleum gas use as a percentage of total fuel use in food sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.1903% 2050 Reference Value: 0.1837%
Other PetroleumOther petroleum use as a percentage of total fuel use in food sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Petroleum Subtotal
Natural GasNatural gas use as a percentage of total fuel use in food sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 62.4728% 2050 Reference Value: 64.0549%
Steam CoalSteam coal use as a percentage of total fuel use in food sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 10.4744% 2050 Reference Value: 8.9691%
BiomassBiomass use as a percentage of total fuel use in food sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 4.7716% 2050 Reference Value: 5.4861%
Purchased ElectricityPurchased electricity use as a percentage of total fuel use in food sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 20.9353% 2050 Reference Value: 20.291%
Total
Paper
Residual Fuel OilResidual fuel oil use as a percentage of total fuel use in paper sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 2.7872% 2050 Reference Value: 2.5836%
Distillate Fuel OilDistillate fuel oil use as a percentage of total fuel use in paper sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.4222% 2050 Reference Value: 0.3812%
Liquefied Petroleum GasesLiquefied petroleum gas use as a percentage of total fuel use in paper sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.258% 2050 Reference Value: 0.2324%
Petroleum CokePetroleum coke use as a percentage of total fuel use in paper sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.4691% 2050 Reference Value: 0.4309%
Other PetroleumOther petroleum use as a percentage of total fuel use in paper sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.258% 2050 Reference Value: 0.2376%
Petroleum Subtotal
Natural GasNatural gas use as a percentage of total fuel use in paper sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 21.0586% 2050 Reference Value: 20.3832%
Steam CoalSteam coal use as a percentage of total fuel use in paper sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 9.9996% 2050 Reference Value: 9.206%
BiomassBiomass use as a percentage of total fuel use in paper sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 58.7897% 2050 Reference Value: 62.8268%
Purchased ElectricityPurchased electricity use as a percentage of total fuel use in paper sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 5.9575% 2050 Reference Value: 3.7182%
Total
Bulk Chemical - Heat and Power
Residual Fuel OilResidual fuel oil use as a percentage of total heat and power fuel use in bulk chemical sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 2.534% 2050 Reference Value: 2.4945%
Distillate Fuel OilDistillate fuel oil use as a percentage of total heat and power fuel use in bulk chemical sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.6862% 2050 Reference Value: 0.5993%
Liquefied Petroleum GasesLiquefied petroleum gas use as a percentage of total heat and power fuel use in bulk chemical sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 2.3117% 2050 Reference Value: 2.1777%
Petroleum CokePetroleum coke use as a percentage of total heat and power fuel use in bulk chemical sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Other PetroleumOther petroleum use as a percentage of total heat and power fuel use in bulk chemical sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 11.3897% 2050 Reference Value: 10.9882%
Petroleum Subtotal
Natural GasNatural gas use as a percentage of total heat and power fuel use in bulk chemical sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 64.2362% 2050 Reference Value: 68.8698%
Steam CoalSteam coal use as a percentage of total heat and power fuel use in bulk chemical sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 3.8528% 2050 Reference Value: 3.7397%
BiomassBiomass use as a percentage of total heat and power fuel use in bulk chemical sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.0038% 2050 Reference Value: 0.0039%
Purchased ElectricityPurchased electricity use as a percentage of total heat and power fuel use in bulk chemical sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 14.9895% 2050 Reference Value: 11.1269%
Total
Bulk Chemical - Feedstocks
Liquefied Petroleum Gas FeedstocksLiquefied petroleum gas use as a percentage of total feedstock fuel use in bulk chemical sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 52.4688% 2050 Reference Value: 52.714%
Petrochemical FeedstocksPetrochemical use as a percentage of total feedstock fuel use in bulk chemical sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 34.0907% 2050 Reference Value: 36.3125%
Natural Gas FeedstocksNatural gas use as a percentage of total feedstock fuel use in bulk chemical sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 13.4405% 2050 Reference Value: 10.9734%
Biofuel FeedstocksBiofuel use as a percentage of total feedstock fuel use in bulk chemical sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Total
Glass
Residual Fuel OilResidual fuel use as a percentage of total fuel use in glass sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.3117% 2050 Reference Value: 0.3175%
Distillate Fuel OilDistillate fuel oil use as a percentage of total fuel use in glass sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 5.9224% 2050 Reference Value: 5.5536%
Liquefied Petroleum GasesLiquefied petroleum gas use as a percentage of total fuel use in glass sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 7.9909% 2050 Reference Value: 7.482%
Petroleum Subtotal
Natural GasNatural gas use as a percentage of total fuel use in glass sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 69.6231% 2050 Reference Value: 70.6581%
Steam CoalSteam coal use as a percentage of total fuel use in glass sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.0567% 2050 Reference Value: 0.0275%
BiomassBiomass use as a percentage of total fuel use in glass sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Purchased ElectricityPurchased electricity use as a percentage of total fuel use in glass sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 16.1235% 2050 Reference Value: 15.9615%
Total
Cement
Residual Fuel OilResidual fuel oil use as a percentage of total fuel use in cement sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.275% 2050 Reference Value: 0.2782%
Distillate Fuel OilDistillate fuel oil use as a percentage of total fuel use in cement sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 2.1998% 2050 Reference Value: 2.081%
Petroleum CokePetroleum coke use as a percentage of total fuel use in cement sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 11.7018% 2050 Reference Value: 11.26%
Other PetroleumOther petroluem use as a percentage of total fuel use in cement sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 6.355% 2050 Reference Value: 6.1392%
Petroleum Subtotal
Natural GasNatural gas use as a percentage of total fuel use in cement sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 6.4467% 2050 Reference Value: 6.5654%
Steam CoalSteam coal use as a percentage of total fuel use in cement sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 59.4256% 2050 Reference Value: 59.0627%
Metallurgical CoalMetallurgical coal use as a percentage of total fuel in cement sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 1.1305% 2050 Reference Value: 1.1055%
Coal Subtotal
BiomassBiomass use as a percentage of total fuel use in cement sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Purchased ElectricityPurchased electricity use as a percentage of total fuel use in cement sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 12.4351% 2050 Reference Value: 13.5079%
Total
Iron and Steel
Distillate Fuel OilDistillate fuel oil use as a percentage of total fuel use in iron and steel sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.1917% 2050 Reference Value: 0.171%
Residual Fuel OilResidual fuel oil use as a percentage of total fuel use in iron and steel sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.3258% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Other PetroleumOther petroleum use as a percentage of total fuel use in iron and steel sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.0479% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Petroleum Subtotal
Natural GasNatural gas use as a percentage of total fuel use in iron and steel sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 30.3881% 2050 Reference Value: 31.8253%
Metallurgical CoalMetallurgical coal use as a percentage of total fuel use in iron and steel sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 47.4748% 2050 Reference Value: 42.9892%
Net Coke ImportsNet coke imports use as a percentage of total fuel use in iron and steel sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: -0.0096% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Steam CoalSteam coal use as a percentage of total fuel use in iron and steel sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 6.0086% 2050 Reference Value: 6.2283%
Coal Subtotal
BiomassBiomass use as a percentage of total fuel use in iron and steel sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.4025% 2050 Reference Value: 0.4325%
Purchased ElectricityPurchased electricity use as a percentage of total fuel use in iron and steel sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 15.1797% 2050 Reference Value: 18.3537%
Total
Aluminum
Residual Fuel OilResidual fuel oil use as a percentage of total fuel use in aluminum sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Distillate Fuel OilDistillate fuel oil use as a percentage of total fuel use in aluminum sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.3471% 2050 Reference Value: 0.3624%
Liquefied Petroleum GasesLiquefied petroleum gas use as a percentage of total fuel use in aluminum sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 1.1955% 2050 Reference Value: 1.2699%
Petroleum CokePetroleum coke use as a percentage of total fuel use in aluminum sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 7.9059% 2050 Reference Value: 5.3696%
Other PetroleumOther petroleum use as a percentage of total fuel use in aluminum sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Petroleum Subtotal
Natural GasNatural gas use as a percentage of total fuel use in aluminum sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 29.9267% 2050 Reference Value: 30.8842%
Steam CoalSteam coal use as a percentage of total fuel use in aluminum sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 23.1392% 2050 Reference Value: 31.241%
BiomassBiomass use as a percentage of total fuel use in aluminum sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 6.0548% 2050 Reference Value: 6.958%
Purchased ElectricityPurchased electricity use as a percentage of total fuel use in aluminum sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 31.3922% 2050 Reference Value: 23.9148%
Total
Metal Based Durables
Liquefied Petroleum GasesLiquefied petroleum gas use as a percentage of total fuel use in metal based durables sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 2.166% 2050 Reference Value: 2.2443%
Distillate Fuel OilDistillate fuel oil use as a percentage of total fuel use in metal based durables sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.6773% 2050 Reference Value: 0.6603%
Residual Fuel OilResidual fuel oil use as a percentage of total fuel use in metal based durables sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.1284% 2050 Reference Value: 0.0944%
Petroleum CokePetroleum coke use as a percentage of total fuel use in metal based durables sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.1927% 2050 Reference Value: 0.1745%
Petroleum Subtotal
Natural GasNatural gas use as a percentage of total fuel use in metal based durables sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 45.0549% 2050 Reference Value: 43.4899%
Metallurgical CoalMetallurgical coal use as a percentage of total fuel use in metal based durables sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.2277% 2050 Reference Value: 0.1663%
Steam CoalSteam coal use as a percentage of total fuel use in metal based durables sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 1.0743% 2050 Reference Value: 0.8503%
BiomassBiomass use as a percentage of total fuel use in metal based durables sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Purchased ElectricityPurchased electricity use as a percentage of total fuel use in metal based durables sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 50.4904% 2050 Reference Value: 52.32%
Total
Other Manufacturing
Liquefied Petroleum GasesLiquefied petroleum gas use as a percentage of total fuel use in other manufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.3536% 2050 Reference Value: 0.2993%
Distillate Fuel OilDistillate fuel oil use as a percentage of total fuel use in other manufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.991% 2050 Reference Value: 0.8433%
Residual Fuel OilResidual fuel oil use as a percentage of total fuel use in other manufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.4975% 2050 Reference Value: 0.3793%
Petroleum CokePetroleum coke use as a percentage of total fuel use in other manufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.7484% 2050 Reference Value: 0.5485%
Other PetroleumOther petroleum use as a percentage of total fuel use in other manufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.0288% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Petroleum Subtotal
Natural GasNatural gas use as a percentage of total fuel use in other manufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 52.1299% 2050 Reference Value: 57.1494%
Steam CoalSteam coal use as a percentage of total fuel use in other manufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 3.9515% 2050 Reference Value: 3.0276%
Metallurgical CoalMetallurgical coal use as a percentage of total fuel use in other manufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.3372% 2050 Reference Value: 0.2842%
BiomassBiomass use as a percentage of total fuel use in other manufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 10.7072% 2050 Reference Value: 11.464%
Purchased ElectricityPurchased electricity use as a percentage of total fuel use in other manufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 30.2673% 2050 Reference Value: 26.0045%
Total
Nonmanufacturing
Residual Fuel OilResidual fuel oil use as a percentage of total fuel use in nonmanufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.002% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Distillate Fuel OilDistillate fuel oil use as a percentage of total fuel use in nonmanufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 20.1201% 2050 Reference Value: 20.9063%
Liquefied Petroleum GasesLiquefied petroleum gas use as a percentage of total fuel use in nonmanufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 1.6795% 2050 Reference Value: 1.67%
Motor GasolineMotor gasoline use as a percentage of total fuel use in nonmanufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 6.9574% 2050 Reference Value: 6.8581%
Other PetroleumOther petroleum use as a percentage of total fuel use in nonmanufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Asphalt and Road OilAsphalt and road oil use as a percentage of total fuel use in nonmanufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 19.0729% 2050 Reference Value: 18.107%
Petroleum Subtotal
Natural GasNatural gas use as a percentage of total fuel use in nonmanufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 17.7604% 2050 Reference Value: 18.6884%
Lease and Plant FuelLease and plant fuel use as a percentage of total fuel use in nonmanufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 24.644% 2050 Reference Value: 23.8771%
Steam CoalSteam coal use as a percentage of total fuel use in nonmanufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.2453% 2050 Reference Value: 0.2813%
BiomassBiomass use as a percentage of total fuel use in nonmanufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 0.728% 2050 Reference Value: 0.8183%
Purchased ElectricityPurchased electricity use as a percentage of total fuel use in nonmanufacturing sub-sector 2030 Reference Value: 8.7884% 2050 Reference Value: 8.7934%
Total

Transportation » Light Duty Vehicles

	2030	2050
LDV Stock (%)
Internal Combustion Engine CarsPercentage of Light Duty Vehicles classified as cars with internal combustion engines 2030 Reference Value: 52.6% 2050 Reference Value: 51%
Hybrid Electric Vehicle CarsPercentage of Light Duty Vehicles classified as hybrid electric cars 2030 Reference Value: 2.9% 2050 Reference Value: 4%
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle CarsPercentage of Light Duty Vehicles classified as plug-in electric cars 2030 Reference Value: 0.8% 2050 Reference Value: 1%
Electric Vehicle CarsPercentage of Light Duty Vehicles classified as electric cars 2030 Reference Value: 0.4% 2050 Reference Value: 1%
Fuel Cell CarsPercentage of Light Duty Vehicles classified as fuel cell cars 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Diesel CarsPercentage of Light Duty Vehicles classified as diesel cars 2030 Reference Value: 2.9% 2050 Reference Value: 5%
Cars Subtotal
Internal Combustion Engine Light TrucksPercentage of Light Duty Vehicles classified as light trucks with internal combustion engines 2030 Reference Value: 37.7% 2050 Reference Value: 34%
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Light TrucksPercentage of Light Duty Vehicles classified as hybrid electric light trucks 2030 Reference Value: 1.3% 2050 Reference Value: 2%
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Light TrucksPercentage of Light Duty Vehicles classified as plug-in electric light trucks 2030 Reference Value: 0.3% 2050 Reference Value: 1%
Electric Vehicle Light TrucksPercentage of Light Duty Vehicles classified as electric trucks 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Fuel Cell Light TrucksPercentage of Light Duty Vehicles classified as fuel cell light trucks 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Diesel Light TrucksPercentage of Light Duty Vehicles classified as diesel light trucks 2030 Reference Value: 1.1% 2050 Reference Value: 1%
Light Trucks Subtotal
Total
Total Light Duty Vehicles
Total Light Duty Vehicles (in millions)Total number of Light Duty Vehicles 2030 Reference Value: 282.58 2050 Reference Value: 338
Vehicle Type Introduction Year
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle CarsThe year plug-in hybrid electric cars are widely commercially available Base Reference Value: 2015
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Light TrucksThe year plug-in hybrid electric light trucks are widely commercially available Base Reference Value: 2016
Electric Vehicle CarsThe year electric cars are widely commercially available Base Reference Value: 2020
Electric Vehicle Light TrucksThe year electric trucks are widely commercially available Base Reference Value: 2021
Fuel Cell CarsThe year fuel cell cars are widely commercially available Base Reference Value: 2020
Fuel Cell Light TrucksThe year fuel cell light trucks are widely commercially available Base Reference Value: 2020
Efficiency Factor (over 2010 ICE MPG efficiency)
Internal Combustion Engine CarsThe projected MPG for ICE cars as a multiple of a 2010 ICE car (i.e. 2 means 2x as efficient) 2030 Reference Value: 1.088 2050 Reference Value: 1.243
Hybrid Electric Vehicle CarsThe projected MPG for HEV cars as a multiple of a 2010 ICE car (i.e. 2 means 2x as efficient) 2030 Reference Value: 1.733 2050 Reference Value: 1.934
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle CarsThe projected MPG for PHEV cars as a multiple of a 2010 ICE car (i.e. 2 means 2x as efficient) 2030 Reference Value: 1.104 2050 Reference Value: 1.196
Fuel Cell CarsThe projected MPG for Fuel Cell cars as a multiple of a 2010 ICE car (i.e. 2 means 2x as efficient) 2030 Reference Value: 1.547 2050 Reference Value: 1.539
Diesel CarsThe projected MPG for diesel cars as a multiple of a 2010 diesel car (i.e. 2 means 2x as efficient) 2030 Reference Value: 1.273 2050 Reference Value: 1.419
Internal Combustion Engine Light TrucksThe projected MPG for ICE light trucks as a multiple of a 2010 ICE light truck (i.e. 2 means 2x as efficient) 2030 Reference Value: 1.133 2050 Reference Value: 1.306
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Light TrucksThe projected MPG for HEV light trucks as a multiple of a 2010 ICE light truck (i.e. 2 means 2x as efficient) 2030 Reference Value: 1.86 2050 Reference Value: 2.024
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Light TrucksThe projected MPG for PHEV light trucks as a multiple of a 2010 ICE light truck (i.e. 2 means 2x as efficient) 2030 Reference Value: 1.074 2050 Reference Value: 1.064
Fuel Cell Light TrucksThe projected MPG for Fuel Cell light trucks as a multiple of a 2010 ICE light truck (i.e. 2 means 2x as efficient) 2030 Reference Value: 1.698 2050 Reference Value: 1.623
Diesel Light TrucksThe projected MPG for diesel light trucks as a multiple of a 2010 diesel light truck (i.e. 2 means 2x as efficient) 2030 Reference Value: 1.36 2050 Reference Value: 1.55
LDV VMT fraction
Light-Duty Vehicle - Vehicle Miles Traveled fractionThe projected vehicles miles traveled per light duty vehicle as a multiple of miles traveled in 2010. An input greater than 1.0 increases the projected vehicle miles traveled 2030 Reference Value: 1.107 2050 Reference Value: 1.177
PHEV
Percent Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle on Electric DriveThe percentage of the time PHEVs operate in all electric mode Base Reference Value: 20% 2030 Reference Value: 46.8% 2050 Reference Value: 46.8%
Miles per kWh for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles & Electric VehiclesMiles/kWh for plug-in hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles in electric mode Base Reference Value: 2.367889 2030 Reference Value: 2.854689 2050 Reference Value: 3.341489

Transportation » Non Light Duty Vehicles

	2030	2050
Efficiency Improvements
Commercial Light Trucks - Fraction AdvancedPercentage of commercial light trucks which experienced efficiency improvements since 2010 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Commercial Light Trucks - Efficiency ImprovementPercent efficiency improvement for commercial light trucks 2030 Reference Value: 10% 2050 Reference Value: 15%
Heavy Trucks - Fraction AdvancedPercentage of heavy trucks which experienced efficiency improvements since 2010 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Heavy Trucks - Efficiency ImprovementPercent efficiency improvement for heavy trucks 2030 Reference Value: 10% 2050 Reference Value: 15%
Aircraft - Percent BiofuelPercentage of airfcraft's fuel mix that is biofuels 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Aircraft - Efficiency ImprovementPercent efficiency improvement for aircraft 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Ships - Efficiency ImprovementPercent efficiency improvement for ships 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Freight Rail - Efficiency ImprovementPercent efficiency improvement for freight rail 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Passenger Rail - Efficiency ImprovementPercent efficiency improvement for passenger rail 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Military Use - Efficiency ImprovementPercent efficiency improvement for military use 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Pipeline Use - Efficiency ImprovementPercent efficiency improvement for natural gas pipeline use 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Mode Switching
% Switch to Freight Rail from Heavy TrucksThe percentage of heavy truck transportation ton miles converted to freight rail 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
% Switch to Passenger Rail from AirThe percentage of air transportation passenger miles which is converted to passenger rail 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%

Transportation » Fuel Supply

	2030	2050
Biofuels
Biofuels (billion gallons)
Corn EthanolBillion gallons of corn ethanol used as biofuel 2030 Reference Value: 15 2050 Reference Value: 15
Cellulosic EthanolBillion gallons of cellulosic ethanol used as biofuel 2030 Reference Value: 16 2050 Reference Value: 16
3rd Generation BiofuelsBillion gallons of third generation biofuels 2030 Reference Value: 1 2050 Reference Value: 3
Algae (Doesn't Consume Biomass)Billion gallons of algae used as biofuel 2030 Reference Value: 0 2050 Reference Value: 0
Coal and Biomass to LiquidsBillion gallons of coal and biomass to liquids used as biofuel 2030 Reference Value: 0 2050 Reference Value: 0
Biofuels Introduction Year
Cellulosic EthanolThe year cellulosic ethanol is widely introduced as biofuel Base Reference Value: 2010
3rd Generation BiofuelsThe year third generation biofuels are widely introduced Base Reference Value: 2010
Algae (Doesn't Consume Biomass)The year algae is widely introduced as biofuel Base Reference Value: 2015
Coal and Biomass to LiquidsThe year coal and biomass to liquids is widely introduced as a liquid fuel Base Reference Value: 2013
Biomass Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)Check this input to consider carbon capture and storage technology when calculating indirect carbon dioxide emissions and uncheck this input to exclude CCS from the calculation. Base Reference Value: 0
Hydrogen Fuel
Steam Methane Reforming ProcessPercentage of hydrogen production derived by Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) 2030 Reference Value: 95% 2050 Reference Value: 95%
Existing Pulverized Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) retrofitPercentage of hydrogen production derived by coal 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Biomass Carbon Capture and SequestrationPercentage of hydrogen production derived by biomass 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
ElectrolysisPercentage of hydrogen production derived by electrolysis 2030 Reference Value: 5% 2050 Reference Value: 5%
Hydrogen Fuel Introduction Year
Existing Pulverized Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) retrofitThe year coal with CCS is introduced as a source for hydrogen production Base Reference Value: 2028
Biomass Carbon Capture and SequestrationThe year biomass with CCS is introduced as a source for hydrogen production Base Reference Value: 2033
ElectrolysisThe year electrolysis is introduced as a means for hydrogen production Base Reference Value: 2033
Electricity for Hydrogen Production
Electricity for Hydrogen Production (kWh/gge)kWh of electricity needed for produciton of one gallon of gasoline equivalent of hydrogen Base Reference Value: 50 2030 Reference Value: 50 2050 Reference Value: 46

Electricity » Generation Mix

	2030	2050
Generation Mix
Existing Pulverized Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) retrofitThe share of electricity generated from existing pulverized coal carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) retrofits as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. Existing pulverized coal CCS retrofit plants are existing Subcritical and Supercritical Pulverized Coal technologies which have been retrofit to capture carbon dioxide for subsequent sequestration. 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
New CoalThe share of electricity generated from new coal as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. New coal plants include Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle and Oxy-coal Combustion technologies. 2030 Reference Value: 6% 2050 Reference Value: 5%
New Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)The share of electricity generated from new coal with CCS as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. New coal with CCS plants include new coal technologies utilizing carbon capture and sequestration. 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Natural Gas Combined CycleThe share of electricity generated from natural gas combined cycle as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. Natural Gas Combined Cycle technologies produce electricity from one or more gas (combustion) turbines and the exiting waste heat. The waste heat is routed through a conventional boiler or heat recovery steam generator for utility by a turbine. 2030 Reference Value: 18.6% 2050 Reference Value: 19.9%
Natural Gas Combined Cycle with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)The share of electricity generated from natural gas combined cycle with CCS as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. NGCC with CCS plants include natural gas combined cycle technologies utilizing carbon capture and sequestration. 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Natural Gas Combustion TurbineThe share of electricity generated from natural gas combustion turbine as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. Natural Gas Combustion Turbine technologies produce electricity from expansion of hot gases through a turbine. A gas turbine typically consists of an axial-flow air compressor and one or more combustion chambers where liquid or gaseous fuel is burned. 2030 Reference Value: 1% 2050 Reference Value: 1.8%
Nuclear Generation IIIThe share of electricity generated from nuclear gen III as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. Generation III nuclear reactors are evolutionary improvements to Generation II Reactors to improve fuel utilization, safety, efficiency or other characteristics. 2030 Reference Value: 1.8% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Small Modular ReactorsThe share of electricity generated from small modular reactors as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. Small Modular Reactors generate electricity using conventional Light Water Reactor designs but are mass produced as individual small reactors. Units can be combined to increase capacity. 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
High Temperature Gas ReactorsThe share of electricity generated from high temperature gas reactors as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors operate at increased efficiencies over conventional Light Water Reactor designs. 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Conventional HydropowerThe share of electricity generated from conventional hydropower as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. Conventional hydropower consists of large hydropower installations. 2030 Reference Value: 7.14% 2050 Reference Value: 6.2%
Small HydropowerThe share of electricity generated from small hydropower as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. Small hydropower utilizes the height of standing water - referred to as the "head" to generate electricity. Facilities have heads in the range of 10 to 40 feet and include new construction of dams, powering of existing dams, and run-of-river units lacking a reservoir. 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Municipal Solid WasteThe share of electricity generated from municipal solid waste as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. Municipal Solid Waste technologies produce electricity through direct combustion of waste with varying levels of processing, through combustion after gasification using pyrolysis or thermal gasification techniques, or through combustion of methane gas collected at landfill sites. 2030 Reference Value: 0.3431% 2050 Reference Value: 0.6%
BiopowerThe share of electricity generated from biopower as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. Biopower technologies convert biomass to electricity either through direct combustion or gasification technologies. 2030 Reference Value: 0.7154% 2050 Reference Value: 1.1%
Conventional GeothermalThe share of electricity generated from conventional geothermal as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. Conventional geothermal technologies produce electricity utilizing steam produced from hot water or natural steam, deriving energy from heat found in high temperature rock that is saturated with fluid and has sufficient permeability to allow geothermal fluid to flow throughout the system. 2030 Reference Value: 0.9815% 2050 Reference Value: 0.4%
Unconventional GeothermalThe share of electricity generated from unconventional geothermal as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. Unconventional geothermal utilizes engineered geothermal reservoirs that are otherwise not economic due to a lack of fluid and/or permeability. Water is injected at sufficient pressure or temperature differential to open fractures that allow fluid to flow throughout the reservoir. 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Onshore windThe share of electricity generated from onshore wind as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. Onshore wind is a land-based wind energy conversion technology that produces electricity; typically three blades rotating about a horizontal axis and positioned up-Wind of the supporting tower. 2030 Reference Value: 3.6145% 2050 Reference Value: 5.4%
Offshore windThe share of electricity generated from offshore wind as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. Offshore wind is an offshore-based wind energy conversion technology that produces electricity; typically three blades rotating about a horizontal axis and positioned up-Wind of the supporting tower. 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Solar Thermal without StorageThe share of electricity generated from solar thermal without storage as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. Solar thermal technologies generate electricity by optical concentration of solar rays through an arrangement of mirrors to generate a high temperature working fluid which is typically used to generate steam to drive a turbine. 2030 Reference Value: 0.0603% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Solar Thermal with StorageThe share of electricity generated from solar thermal with storage as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. Solar thermal technologies that have integrated Energy Storage typically in the form of a high temperature working fluid such as molten salt. 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Utility PhotovoltaicThe share of electricity generated from utility photovoltaic as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. Utility-scale photovoltaic technologies include a range of solid state technologies that convert sunlight to electricity. Utility-scale refers to plants connected at the bulk transmission level rather than at the distribution level. 2030 Reference Value: 0.0246% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Water PowerThe share of electricity generated from water power as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. Water power technologies include marine hydrokinetic and ocean thermal technologies. MHK utilizes kinetic energy present in flowing water rather than potential energy from the hight of standing water, and OTEC utilizes temperature gradients in ocean waters to generate electricity. 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Existing Pulverized Coal The share of electricity generated from existing pulverized coal as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. 2030 Reference Value: 40.8208% 2050 Reference Value: 43.0748%
Other Fossil SteamThe share of electricity generated from other fossil steam as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. Other fossil steam plants are oil and natural gas units utilizing either steam boilers or reciprocating engines to generate electricity. 2030 Reference Value: 0.3716% 2050 Reference Value: 0.6107%
Nuclear Generation IIThe share of electricity generated from nuclear gen II as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. Generation II nuclear reactors are existing commerical designs primarily composed of Light Water Reactors. 2030 Reference Value: 18.4816% 2050 Reference Value: 16.1714%
Total
Distributed PV
Distributed PVThe share of electricity generated from distributed photovoltaics as a portion of total electricity generation in the year specified. Distributed photovoltaics include a range of solid state technologies that convert sunlight to electricity. Distributed refers to rooftop solar panels on homes or businesses rather than at a central generating facility (see Utility Photovoltaic). Distributed PV does not lose any generation to transmission and distribution. 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%

Electricity » Existing Plant Lifetime

	2030	2050
Existing Plant Lifetime / Early Retirements
Other Fossil SteamThe number of years that an existing other fossil steam plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 30
Nuclear Generation IIThe number of years that an existing nuclear gen II plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 80
Existing Pulverized Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) retrofitThe number of years that an existing pulverized coal with carbon capture and storage retrofit plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
New CoalThe number of years that an existing new coal plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
New Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)The number of years that an existing new coal with carbon capture and storage plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Natural Gas Combined CycleThe number of years that an existing natural gas combined cycle plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 30
Natural Gas Combined Cycle with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)The number of years that an existing natural gas combined cycle with carbon capture and storage plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Natural Gas Combustion TurbineThe number of years that an existing natural gas combustion turbine plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 30
Nuclear Generation IIIThe number of years that an existing nuclear gen III plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Small Modular ReactorsThe number of years that an existing small modular reactor plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
High Temperature Gas ReactorsThe number of years that an existing high temperature gas reactor plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Conventional HydropowerThe number of years that an existing conventional hydropower plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 80
Small HydropowerThe number of years that an existing small hydropower plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Municipal Solid WasteThe number of years that an existing municipal solid waste plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
BiopowerThe number of years that an existing biopower plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Conventional GeothermalThe number of years that an existing conventional geothermal plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Unconventional GeothermalThe number of years that an existing unconventional geothermal plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Onshore windThe number of years that an existing onshore wind plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 20
Offshore windThe number of years that an existing offshore wind plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 20
Solar Thermal without StorageThe number of years that an existing solar thermal without storage plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Solar Thermal with StorageThe number of years that an existing solar thermal with storage plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Utility PhotovoltaicThe number of years that an existing utility photovoltaic plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 30
Water PowerThe number of years that an existing water power plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 20
Existing Pulverized Coal The number of years that an existing pulverized coal plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 50
Coal Retirement Schedule
Coal Retirement Schedule Based on Plant LifetimeCheck this box to retire coal plants based upon existing plant lifetime input values. Otherwise, coal plants will be retired based upon AEO reference case estimates, which include various assumed life extensions for existing plants (more info). Base Reference Value: 0

CHP » General

	2030	2050
On/Off Switch
Additional Combined Heat and Power (CHP) On/Off Check this input to include additonal combined heat and power added over the reference case; otherwise simply uses base numbers from the reference case if unchecked. Base Reference Value: 0
Total CHP
Total Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Capacity (GW)Total CHP Capacity (GW). Distributed generation via CHP is more efficient (typically greater than 75% vs. less than 40% for a traditional power plant, since both electricity and thermal energy are utilized. 2030 Reference Value: 87687 2050 Reference Value: 103474

CHP » Generation Mix

	2030	2050
Industry
Natural GasNatural gas use as a percentage of total fuel use for combined heat and power in the industry sector 2030 Reference Value: 55% 2050 Reference Value: 60%
CoalCoal use as a percentage of total fuel use for combined heat and power in the industry sector 2030 Reference Value: 10% 2050 Reference Value: 5%
PetroleumPetroleum use as a percentage of total fuel use for combined heat and power in the industry sector 2030 Reference Value: 10% 2050 Reference Value: 5%
BiomassBiomass use as a percentage of total fuel use for combined heat and power in the industry sector 2030 Reference Value: 15% 2050 Reference Value: 15%
OtherOther fuel use as a percentage of total fuel use for combined heat and power in the industry sector 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Fuel CellFuel cell use as a percentage of total fuel use for combined heat and power in the industry sector 2030 Reference Value: 10% 2050 Reference Value: 15%
Total
Commercial
Natural GasNatural gas use as a percentage of total fuel use for combined heat and power in the commercial buildings sector 2030 Reference Value: 65% 2050 Reference Value: 55%
CoalCoal use as a percentage of total fuel use for combined heat and power in the commercial buildings sector 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
PetroleumPetroleum use as a percentage of total fuel use for combined heat and power in the commercial buildings sector 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
BiomassBiomass use as a percentage of total fuel use for combined heat and power in the commercial buildings sector 2030 Reference Value: 25% 2050 Reference Value: 30%
OtherOther fuel use as a percentage of total fuel use for combined heat and power in the commercial buildings sector 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Fuel CellFuel cell use as a percentage of total fuel use for combined heat and power in the commercial buildings sector 2030 Reference Value: 10% 2050 Reference Value: 15%
Total
Electricity
Natural GasNatural gas use as a percentage of total fuel use for combined heat and power in the electricity sector 2030 Reference Value: 85% 2050 Reference Value: 85%
CoalCoal use as a percentage of total fuel use for combined heat and power in the electricity sector 2030 Reference Value: 10% 2050 Reference Value: 10%
PetroleumPetroleum use as a percentage of total fuel use for combined heat and power in the electricity sector 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
BiomassBiomass use as a percentage of total fuel use for combined heat and power in the electricity sector 2030 Reference Value: 5% 2050 Reference Value: 5%
OtherOther fuel use as a percentage of total fuel use for combined heat and power in the electricity sector 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Fuel CellFuel cell use as a percentage of total fuel use for combined heat and power in the electricity sector 2030 Reference Value: 0% 2050 Reference Value: 0%
Total

CHP » Displaced Boiler Efficiency

	2030	2050
Displaced Boiler Efficiency
Displaced Boiler EfficiencyEfficiency of boiler that combined heat and power heat displaces 2030 Reference Value: 85% 2050 Reference Value: 90%

Assumptions » General

	2030	2050
Emissions Coefficients
Distillate Fuel OilMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of distillate fuel oil Base Reference Value: 0.07315
Petroleum GasMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of petroleum gas Base Reference Value: 0.070876667
Petroleum DieselMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of petroleum diesel Base Reference Value: 0.07315
Petroleum Jet FuelMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of petroleum jet fuel Base Reference Value: 0.070880939
Coal and Biomass to LiquidsMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of coal and biomall to liquids Base Reference Value: 0.072347826
Natural GasMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of natural gas Base Reference Value: 0.053056667
Liquefied Petroleum GasesMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of liquefied petroleum gases Base Reference Value: 0.062281879
Asphalt and Road OilMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of asphalt and road oil Base Reference Value: 0.075606667
Aviation GasMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of aviation gas Base Reference Value: 0.06919
BiomassMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of biomass Base Reference Value: 0.1
CoalMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of coal Base Reference Value: 0.093984451
Crude OilMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of crude oil Base Reference Value: 0.074536355
KeroseneMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of kerosene Base Reference Value: 0.072306667
Lease and Plant FuelMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of lease and plant fuel Base Reference Value: 0.05305667
Liquefied Petroleum Gas FeedstocksMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of liquefied petroleum gas feedstocks Base Reference Value: 0.062281879
LubricantsMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of lubricants Base Reference Value: 0.074213333
Metallurgical CoalMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of metallurgical coal Base Reference Value: 0.093984451
Natural Gas FeedstocksMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of natural gas feedstocks Base Reference Value: 0.05305667
Net Coke ImportsMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of net coke imports Base Reference Value: 0.0937123
Other PetroleumMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of other petroleum Base Reference Value: 0.06919
Petrochemical FeedstocksMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of petrochemical feedstocks Base Reference Value: 0.071023333
Residual Fuel OilMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of residual fuel oil Base Reference Value: 0.078796667
Petroleum CokeMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of petroleum coke Base Reference Value: 0.102116667
Steam CoalMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of steam coal Base Reference Value: 0.093984451
Still GasMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of still gas Base Reference Value: 0.06430333
Motor GasolineMillion metric tons of CO2 per TBtu of motor gasoline Base Reference Value: 0.070876667

Assumptions » Buildings

	2030	2050
Residential
Advanced Building Code Cooling % of Heating RetrofitCooling energy savings as a percentage of heating energy savings Base Reference Value: 80%
More Advanced Building Code Cooling % of Heating RetrofitCooling energy savings as a percentage of heating energy savings Base Reference Value: 80%
Advanced Retrofits Cooling % of Heating RetrofitCooling energy savings as a percentage of heating energy savings Base Reference Value: 80%
More Advanced Retrofits Cooling % of Heating RetrofitCooling energy savings as a percentage of heating energy savings Base Reference Value: 80%
Commercial
Advanced Building Code Cooling % of Heating RetrofitCooling energy savings as a percentage of heating energy savings Base Reference Value: 80%
More Advanced Building Code Cooling % of Heating RetrofitCooling energy savings as a percentage of heating energy savings Base Reference Value: 80%
Advanced Retrofits Cooling % of Heating RetrofitCooling energy savings as a percentage of heating energy savings Base Reference Value: 80%
More Advanced Retrofits Cooling % of Heating RetrofitCooling energy savings as a percentage of heating energy savings Base Reference Value: 80%

Assumptions » Industry

	2030	2050
Combustion Fractions
Liquefied Petroleum Gas FeedstocksPercentage of liquefied petroleum gas feedstocks that are combusted Base Reference Value: 19.732866%
Petrochemical FeedstocksPercentage of petrochemical feedstocks that are combusted Base Reference Value: 38.578871%
Natural Gas FeedstocksPercentage of natural gas feedstocks that are combusted Base Reference Value: 50.26701%
Asphalt and Road OilPercentage of asphalt and road oil that are combusted Base Reference Value: 0%

Assumptions » Transportation

	2030	2050
Light Duty Vehicles - New MPGs
Internal Combustion Engine Cars (miles/gallon)Miles per gallon (MPG) of a new internal combustion engine car Base Reference Value: 31.19
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Cars (miles/gallon)Miles per gallon (MPG) of a new hybrid electric car Base Reference Value: 52.3
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Cars (miles/gallon)Miles per gallon (MPG) of a new plug-in hybrid electric car Base Reference Value: 64.29
Fuel Cell Cars (miles/gallon)Miles per gallon (MPG) of a new fuel cell car Base Reference Value: 46.7
Diesel Cars (miles/gallon)Miles per gallon (MPG) of a new diesel fuel car Base Reference Value: 37.79
Internal Combustion Engine Light Trucks (miles/gallon)Miles per gallon (MPG) of a new internal combustion engine light truck Base Reference Value: 23.97
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Light Trucks (miles/gallon)Miles per gallon (MPG) of a new hybrid electric light truck Base Reference Value: 43.4
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Light Trucks (miles/gallon)Miles per gallon (MPG) of a new plug-in hybrid electric light truck Base Reference Value: 46.64
Fuel Cell Light Trucks (miles/gallon)Miles per gallon (MPG) of a new fuel cell light truck Base Reference Value: 40.86
Diesel Light Trucks (miles/gallon)Miles per gallon (MPG) of a new diesel fuel light truck Base Reference Value: 30.03
Light Duty Vehicles - New to Avg MPG Factors
CarsAEO reports the miles per gallon (MPG) of new cars which is multiplied by a factor in order to derive the MPG of the average car Base Reference Value: 0.943
Light TrucksAEO reports the miles per gallon (MPG) of new light trucks which is multiplied by a factor in order to derive the MPG of the average light truck Base Reference Value: 0.966
Light Duty Vehicles - EPA MPG On Road Modifiers
Internal Combustion Engine CarsMultipliers are used to convert the EPA reported miles per gallon (MPG) of new vehicles to derive the "on road" MPG for each type of vehicle Base Reference Value: 0.8 2030 Reference Value: 0.8 2050 Reference Value: 0.8
Hybrid Electric Vehicle CarsMultipliers are used to convert the EPA reported miles per gallon (MPG) of new vehicles to derive the "on road" MPG for each type of vehicle Base Reference Value: 0.7 2030 Reference Value: 0.7 2050 Reference Value: 0.7
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle CarsMultipliers are used to convert the EPA reported miles per gallon (MPG) of new vehicles to derive the "on road" MPG for each type of vehicle Base Reference Value: 0.7 2030 Reference Value: 0.7 2050 Reference Value: 0.7
Fuel Cell CarsMultipliers are used to convert the EPA reported miles per gallon (MPG) of new vehicles to derive the "on road" MPG for each type of vehicle Base Reference Value: 0.7 2030 Reference Value: 0.7 2050 Reference Value: 0.7
Diesel CarsMultipliers are used to convert the EPA reported miles per gallon (MPG) of new vehicles to derive the "on road" MPG for each type of vehicle Base Reference Value: 0.8 2030 Reference Value: 0.8 2050 Reference Value: 0.8
Internal Combustion Engine Light TrucksMultipliers are used to convert the EPA reported miles per gallon (MPG) of new vehicles to derive the "on road" MPG for each type of vehicle Base Reference Value: 0.8 2030 Reference Value: 0.8 2050 Reference Value: 0.8
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Light TrucksMultipliers are used to convert the EPA reported miles per gallon (MPG) of new vehicles to derive the "on road" MPG for each type of vehicle Base Reference Value: 0.7 2030 Reference Value: 0.7 2050 Reference Value: 0.7
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Light TrucksMultipliers are used to convert the EPA reported miles per gallon (MPG) of new vehicles to derive the "on road" MPG for each type of vehicle Base Reference Value: 0.7 2030 Reference Value: 0.7 2050 Reference Value: 0.7
Fuel Cell Light TrucksMultipliers are used to convert the EPA reported miles per gallon (MPG) of new vehicles to derive the "on road" MPG for each type of vehicle Base Reference Value: 0.7 2030 Reference Value: 0.7 2050 Reference Value: 0.7
Diesel Light TrucksMultipliers are used to convert the EPA reported miles per gallon (MPG) of new vehicles to derive the "on road" MPG for each type of vehicle Base Reference Value: 0.8 2030 Reference Value: 0.8 2050 Reference Value: 0.8
BTUs per Gallon
Gasoline (BTU)The energy content of fuel in BTU Base Reference Value: 115000
Diesel (BTU)The energy content of fuel in BTU Base Reference Value: 128000
Ethanol (BTU)The energy content of fuel in BTU Base Reference Value: 76000
Algae (BTU)The energy content of fuel in BTU Base Reference Value: 128000
3rd Generation Biofuels (BTU)The energy content of fuel in BTU Base Reference Value: 128000
Coal and Biomass to Liquids (BTU)The energy content of fuel in BTU Base Reference Value: 121000
Non Light Duty Vehicles - Mode Switch Factors
Heavy Truck to Freight RailIndicates the remaining fraction of energy use per ton-mile from switching to the more efficient freight rail mode of transportation (i.e. 25% would be a reduction to 1/4 of energy use) Base Reference Value: 22% 2030 Reference Value: 22% 2050 Reference Value: 22%
Air to Passenger RailIndicates the remaining fraction of energy use per ton-mile from switching to the more efficient passenger rail mode of transportation (i.e. 25% would be a reduction to 1/4 of energy use) Base Reference Value: 26% 2030 Reference Value: 26% 2050 Reference Value: 26%
Biomass Feedstock
Biomass for corn ethanol production (kg/gallon)Biomass for corn ethanol production in kg/gallon Base Reference Value: 8.5
Biomass for cellulosic ethanol production (kg/gallon)Biomass for cellulosic ethanol production in kg/gallon Base Reference Value: 9.4
Biomass for 3rd generation biofuels (kg/gallon)Biomass for 3rd generation biofuels production in kg/gallon Base Reference Value: 10.1

Assumptions » Electricity

	2030	2050
Maximum Curtailed
Existing Pulverized CoalPercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for pulverized coal technology Base Reference Value: 50%
Other Fossil SteamPercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for other fossil steam technology Base Reference Value: 90%
Nuclear Generation IIPercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for nuclear gen II technology Base Reference Value: 10%
Existing Pulverized Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) retrofitPercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for coal with carbon capture and sequestration technology Base Reference Value: 50%
New CoalPercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for 'new coal' technology Base Reference Value: 50%
New Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)Percentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for 'new coal' with carbon capture and sequestration technology Base Reference Value: 50%
Natural Gas Combined CyclePercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for natural gas combined cycle technology Base Reference Value: 50%
Natural Gas Combined Cycle with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)Percentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for natural gas combined cycle with carbon capture and sequestration technology Base Reference Value: 50%
Natural Gas Combustion TurbinePercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for natural gas combustion turbine technology Base Reference Value: 90%
Nuclear Generation IIIPercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for nuclear gen III technology Base Reference Value: 10%
Small Modular ReactorsPercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for nuclear small module reactor technology Base Reference Value: 10%
High Temperature Gas ReactorsPercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for nuclear high temperature gas reactor technology Base Reference Value: 10%
Conventional HydropowerPercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for conventional hydropower technology Base Reference Value: 50%
Small HydropowerPercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for small hydropower technology Base Reference Value: 50%
Municipal Solid WastePercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for municipal solid waste technology Base Reference Value: 50%
BiopowerPercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for biopower technology Base Reference Value: 50%
Conventional GeothermalPercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for conventional geothermal technology Base Reference Value: 50%
Unconventional GeothermalPercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for unconventional geothermal technology Base Reference Value: 50%
Onshore WindPercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for onshore wind technology Base Reference Value: 50%
Offshore WindPercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for offshore wind technology Base Reference Value: 50%
Solar Thermal without StoragePercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for solar thermal technology Base Reference Value: 50%
Solar Thermal with StoragePercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for solar thermal with storage technology Base Reference Value: 50%
Utility PhotovoltaicPercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for utility-scale photovoltaic technology Base Reference Value: 50%
Water PowerPercentage that maximum capacity factor can be reduced to calculate minimum capacity factor for water technology Base Reference Value: 50%
Capacity Credit
Existing Pulverized CoalThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.85
Other Fossil SteamThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.78
Nuclear Generation IIThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.89
Existing Pulverized Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) retrofitThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.85
New CoalThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.85
New Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)The ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.85
Natural Gas Combined CycleThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.87
Natural Gas Combined Cycle with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)The ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.87
Natural Gas Combustion TurbineThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.89
Nuclear Generation IIIThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.9
Small Modular ReactorsThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.9
High Temperature Gas ReactorsThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.9
Conventional HydropowerThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.88
Small HydropowerThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.88
Municipal Solid WasteThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.8
BiopowerThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.75
Conventional GeothermalThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.9
Unconventional GeothermalThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.9
Onshore WindThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.2
Offshore WindThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.3
Solar Thermal without StorageThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.4
Solar Thermal with StorageThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.85
Utility PhotovoltaicThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.4
Water PowerThe ratio of capacity available to meet peak load against the name plate capacity of the power plant Base Reference Value: 0.25
Introduction Year
Existing Pulverized CoalThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2010
Other Fossil SteamThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2010
Nuclear Generation IIThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2010
Existing Pulverized Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) retrofitThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2010
New CoalThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2010
New Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)The year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2020
Natural Gas Combined CycleThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2010
Natural Gas Combined Cycle with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)The year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2025
Natural Gas Combustion TurbineThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2010
Nuclear Generation IIIThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2020
Small Modular ReactorsThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2010
High Temperature Gas ReactorsThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2010
Conventional HydropowerThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2010
Small HydropowerThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2010
Municipal Solid WasteThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2010
BiopowerThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2020
Conventional GeothermalThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2010
Unconventional GeothermalThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2025
Onshore WindThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2010
Offshore WindThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2010
Solar Thermal without StorageThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2010
Solar Thermal with StorageThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2010
Utility PhotovoltaicThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2010
Water PowerThe year in which the technology will be commercially available for deployment in the market Base Reference Value: 2010
Lifetime for New Plants
Existing Pulverized Coal (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Other Fossil Steam (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 30
Nuclear Generation II (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Existing Pulverized Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) retrofit (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
New Coal (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
New Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Natural Gas Combined Cycle (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 30
Natural Gas Combined Cycle with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 30
Natural Gas Combustion Turbine (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 30
Nuclear Generation III (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Small Modular Reactors (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
High Temperature Gas Reactors (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Conventional Hydropower (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 80
Small Hydropower (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Municipal Solid Waste (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Biopower (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Conventional Geothermal (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Unconventional Geothermal (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Onshore Wind (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 20
Offshore Wind (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 20
Solar Thermal without Storage (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Solar Thermal with Storage (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 60
Utility Photovoltaic (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 30
Water Power (years)The number of years that a plant is expected to be in operation Base Reference Value: 20
Heat Rate
Existing Pulverized Coal (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 10462 2030 Reference Value: 10258 2050 Reference Value: 10286
Other Fossil Steam (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 11538 2030 Reference Value: 11500 2050 Reference Value: 11463
Nuclear Gen II (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 10448 2030 Reference Value: 10456 2050 Reference Value: 10458
Existing Pulverized Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) retrofit (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 10781 2030 Reference Value: 10781 2050 Reference Value: 10781
New Coal (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 8765 2030 Reference Value: 8765 2050 Reference Value: 8765
New Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 10781 2030 Reference Value: 10781 2050 Reference Value: 10781
Natural Gas Combined Cycle (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 7096 2030 Reference Value: 6483 2050 Reference Value: 6331
Natural Gas Combined Cycle with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 8613 2030 Reference Value: 8613 2050 Reference Value: 8613
Natural Gas Combustion Turbine (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 12275 2030 Reference Value: 11521 2050 Reference Value: 10953
Nuclear Generation III (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 10448 2030 Reference Value: 10456 2050 Reference Value: 10458
Small Modular Reactors (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 10448 2030 Reference Value: 10456 2050 Reference Value: 10458
High Temperature Gas Reactors (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 10448 2030 Reference Value: 10456 2050 Reference Value: 10458
Conventional Hydropower (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 9854 2030 Reference Value: 9854 2050 Reference Value: 9854
Small Hydropower (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 9854 2030 Reference Value: 9854 2050 Reference Value: 9854
Municipal Solid Waste (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 13648 2030 Reference Value: 13648 2050 Reference Value: 13648
Biopower (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 13500 2030 Reference Value: 13500 2050 Reference Value: 13500
Conventional Geothermal (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 30000 2030 Reference Value: 30000 2050 Reference Value: 30000
Unconventional Geothermal (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 30000 2030 Reference Value: 30000 2050 Reference Value: 30000
Onshore Wind (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 9854 2030 Reference Value: 9854 2050 Reference Value: 9854
Offshore Wind (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 9854 2030 Reference Value: 9854 2050 Reference Value: 9854
Solar Thermal without Storage (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 9854 2030 Reference Value: 9854 2050 Reference Value: 9854
Solar Thermal with Storage (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 9854 2030 Reference Value: 9854 2050 Reference Value: 9854
Utility Photovoltaic (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 9854 2030 Reference Value: 9854 2050 Reference Value: 9854
Water Power (Btu/kWh)The conversion efficiency of a power plant from fuel to electricity in the units of Btu/kWh. The heat rate for renewable electricity generating technologies that do not consume any fuel is 9919 Btu/kWh. Base Reference Value: 9854 2030 Reference Value: 9854 2050 Reference Value: 9854
Carbon in Fuels
Existing Pulverized Coal (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 97.9 2030 Reference Value: 97.9 2050 Reference Value: 97.9
Other Fossil Steam (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 65.36 2030 Reference Value: 65.36 2050 Reference Value: 65.36
Nuclear Generation II (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 0 2030 Reference Value: 0 2050 Reference Value: 0
Existing Pulverized Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) retrofit (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 9.79 2030 Reference Value: 9.79 2050 Reference Value: 9.79
New Coal (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 97.9 2030 Reference Value: 97.9 2050 Reference Value: 97.9
New Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 9.79 2030 Reference Value: 9.79 2050 Reference Value: 9.79
Natural Gas Combined Cycle (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 46 2030 Reference Value: 46 2050 Reference Value: 46
Natural Gas Combined Cycle with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 4.6 2030 Reference Value: 4.6 2050 Reference Value: 4.6
Natural Gas Combustion Turbine (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 46 2030 Reference Value: 46 2050 Reference Value: 46
Nuclear Generation III (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 0 2030 Reference Value: 0 2050 Reference Value: 0
Small Modular Reactors (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 0 2030 Reference Value: 0 2050 Reference Value: 0
High Temperature Gas Reactors (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 0 2030 Reference Value: 0 2050 Reference Value: 0
Conventional Hydropower (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 0 2030 Reference Value: 0 2050 Reference Value: 0
Small Hydropower (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 0 2030 Reference Value: 0 2050 Reference Value: 0
Municipal Solid Waste (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 0 2030 Reference Value: 0 2050 Reference Value: 0
Biopower (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 0 2030 Reference Value: 0 2050 Reference Value: 0
Conventional Geothermal (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 0 2030 Reference Value: 0 2050 Reference Value: 0
Unconventional Geothermal (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 0 2030 Reference Value: 0 2050 Reference Value: 0
Onshore Wind (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 0 2030 Reference Value: 0 2050 Reference Value: 0
Offshore Wind (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 0 2030 Reference Value: 0 2050 Reference Value: 0
Solar Thermal without Storage (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 0 2030 Reference Value: 0 2050 Reference Value: 0
Solar Thermal without Storage (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 0 2030 Reference Value: 0 2050 Reference Value: 0
Utility Photovoltaic (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 0 2030 Reference Value: 0 2050 Reference Value: 0
Water Power (kg/MBtu)The carbon content per unit of energy content of the fuel used to generate electricity with this technology converted into the carbon dioxide content by a factor of 44/12. Base Reference Value: 0 2030 Reference Value: 0 2050 Reference Value: 0
Capacity Factor
Existing Pulverized CoalThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.711 2030 Reference Value: 0.711 2050 Reference Value: 0.711
Other Fossil SteamThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.05 2030 Reference Value: 0.05 2050 Reference Value: 0.05
Nuclear Generation IIThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.87 2030 Reference Value: 0.87 2050 Reference Value: 0.87
Existing Pulverized Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) retrofitThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.85 2030 Reference Value: 0.85 2050 Reference Value: 0.85
New CoalThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.85 2030 Reference Value: 0.85 2050 Reference Value: 0.85
New Coal with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)The ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.85 2030 Reference Value: 0.85 2050 Reference Value: 0.85
Natural Gas Combined CycleThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.366 2030 Reference Value: 0.366 2050 Reference Value: 0.366
Natural Gas Combined Cycle with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)The ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.263 2030 Reference Value: 0.263 2050 Reference Value: 0.263
Natural Gas Combustion TurbineThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.06 2030 Reference Value: 0.06 2050 Reference Value: 0.06
Nuclear Generation IIIThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.87 2030 Reference Value: 0.87 2050 Reference Value: 0.87
Small Modular ReactorsThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.89 2030 Reference Value: 0.89 2050 Reference Value: 0.89
High Temperature Gas ReactorsThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.89 2030 Reference Value: 0.89 2050 Reference Value: 0.89
Conventional HydropowerThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.5 2030 Reference Value: 0.5 2050 Reference Value: 0.5
Small HydropowerThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.5 2030 Reference Value: 0.5 2050 Reference Value: 0.5
Municipal Solid WasteThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.55 2030 Reference Value: 0.55 2050 Reference Value: 0.55
BiopowerThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.58 2030 Reference Value: 0.58 2050 Reference Value: 0.58
Conventional GeothermalThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.85 2030 Reference Value: 0.85 2050 Reference Value: 0.85
Unconventional GeothermalThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.85 2030 Reference Value: 0.85 2050 Reference Value: 0.85
Onshore WindThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.402 2030 Reference Value: 0.402 2050 Reference Value: 0.402
Offshore WindThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.406 2030 Reference Value: 0.406 2050 Reference Value: 0.406
Solar Thermal without StorageThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.426 2030 Reference Value: 0.426 2050 Reference Value: 0.426
Solar Thermal with StorageThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.426 2030 Reference Value: 0.426 2050 Reference Value: 0.426
Utility PhotovoltaicThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.18 2030 Reference Value: 0.18 2050 Reference Value: 0.18
Water PowerThe ratio of the expected output of a power plant over a period of time and its potential output if it had operated at full nameplate capacity the entire time. Base Reference Value: 0.341 2030 Reference Value: 0.341 2050 Reference Value: 0.341

Assumptions » Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

	2030	2050
Fuel Consumption Ratios
Natural Gas (million BTU/MWh)Millions of BTU/MWh for natural gas Base Reference Value: 14.256386
Coal (million BTU/MWh)Millions of BTU/MWh for coal Base Reference Value: 16.802259
Petroleum (million BTU/MWh)Millions of BTU/MWh for petroleum Base Reference Value: 15.380117
Biomass (million BTU/MWh)Millions of BTU/MWh for biomass Base Reference Value: 35.409559
Other (million BTU/MWh)Millions of BTU/MWh for other fuels Base Reference Value: 17.392207
Fuel Cell (million BTU/MWh)Millions of BTU/MWh for fuel cells Base Reference Value: 9.1
Thermal Output Ratios
Natural Gas (million BTU/MWh)Millions of BTU/MWh for natural gas Base Reference Value: 5.902256
Coal (million BTU/MWh)Millions of BTU/MWh for coal Base Reference Value: 6.645046
Petroleum (million BTU/MWh)Millions of BTU/MWh for petroleum Base Reference Value: 7.29361
Biomass (million BTU/MWh)Millions of BTU/MWh for biomass Base Reference Value: 21.931212
Other (million BTU/MWh)Millions of BTU/MWh for other fuels Base Reference Value: 11.515097
Fuel Cell (million BTU/MWh)Millions of BTU/MWh for fuel cells Base Reference Value: 9.4

Assumptions » Conversions

	2030	2050
Conversions
TBtu per QuadNumber of TBtu per Quad Base Reference Value: 1000
TBtu per TWhNumber of TBtu per TWh Base Reference Value: 3.412
Btu per TBtuNumber of Btu per TBtu Base Reference Value: 1000000000000
Btu per lb biomassNumber of Btu per pound of biomass Base Reference Value: 8000
Lb per tonNumber of pounds per ton Base Reference Value: 2000
Btu per lb algaeNumber of Btu per pound algae Base Reference Value: 10000
Btu per kg coalNumber of Btu per kilogram of coal Base Reference Value: 22033
Btu per GGE hydrogen SMRNumber of Btu per gallon of gasoline equivalent of hydrogen SMR Base Reference Value: 163000
kWh per TWhNumber of kWh per TWh Base Reference Value: 1000000000
Btu per kWhNumber of Btu per kWh Base Reference Value: 3412
Btu per quadNumber of Btu per Quad Base Reference Value: 1e+15
kg per lbNumber of kilograms per pound Base Reference Value: 0.4536
kg per metric tonneNumber of kilograms per metric tonne Base Reference Value: 1000
Tons coal per gallon CBTLNumber of tons of coal per gallon coal and biomass to liquid Base Reference Value: 0.00901
Tons biomass per gallon CBTLNumber of tons of biomass per gallon coal and biomass to liquid Base Reference Value: 0.00135
Kg coal per GGE hydrogen CCSNumber of kilograms of coal per gallon of gasoline equiavalent of hydrogen CCS Base Reference Value: 9.8
Kg biomass per GGE hydrogen CCSNumber of kilograms of biomass per gallon of gasoline equivalent of hydrogen CCS Base Reference Value: 14.9
Kg algae per gallonNumber of kilograms of algae per gallon Base Reference Value: 22.7
kWh per gallon cellulosic ethanolNumber of kWh per gallon cellulosic ethanol Base Reference Value: 2.28
Gallons gas per gallon ethanolNumber of gallons of gas per gallon ethanol Base Reference Value: 0.66

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